1. Intro

The basic assumption of the studies that have been done is that "a mind is a mental tool, a system of mechanisms capable of generating thoughts and emotions".

A human being has an individualized mind, which we call the "mind" because it is a natural process. We can be aware of our own thoughts and feelings but have no access to others' thoughts and feelings. The mind is not a definite entity that derives its origin from our brain. It may derive from other sources:

- biological processes (in our case, neurons, and synapses)

- experience (in our case, our past experiences and future plans)

- sociocultural processes (performance in school, religion, culture).

The mind is always present in the form of ideas, images, or feelings. We can manipulate these states to produce different behaviors and experiences. These manipulations can be classified into two types: overt and covert. Overt manipulations are those where we gain knowledge or information by controlled means; for example, through learning from books or observing others' behavior; covert manipulations are those where we gain knowledge or information by casual observation without any external influences on us. These two types of manipulation lead to two different behaviors for us: positive or negative reinforcement which causes us to behave differently depending on whether the manipulation was positive or negative, respectively; learning which gives us the ability to change our own beliefs about various concepts such as freedom, justice, etc.; and memory which allows us to remember what we've learned from books or other people's behavior (for example “I'm not good at sports”).

2. Psychological Theories and Principles

 


To understand the human mind and the world we live in, it is important to have a basic understanding of human behavior.

The following psychological theories, grouped in four categories: Human Development, Psychology of Desire, Psychology of Beliefs and Emotions, and Psychology of Actions.

Human Development: One of the first theories on individuals began with the idea that man could not be considered as a mere animal. This theory focused on how humans developed to survive in this world. First, the man was “injured” as a result of his mother’s inability to provide him with food or shelter throughout his lifetime. He had no choice but to learn to hunt and gain strength through experience. From this process arose our selection of behaviors that are essential for survival. The more skills we acquire the more likely we are to survive.

Psychology of Desire: One way that our minds can increase in complexity is through new desires. For us to have new desires, we need something that we crave or desire for ourselves or some other person or thing (the other person may be an animal or plant). If there is no new desire then existing desires will continue to grow at their current rate until something triggers them into becoming new desires (this may be an event such as getting married). Personal self-esteem grows from these new desires (this is called self-efficacy) and can lead us to make various decisions that can keep us safe from various threats such as physical or mental abuse (for example by becoming sexually aroused by watching others have sex).

Psychology of Beliefs: For us to make decisions based on our beliefs there must be a belief system that guides our thinking process. We make decisions based on several different types of beliefs (social conditioning), each one having certain rules attached to it which determine how they are applied. For instance, if you believe that you shouldn’t smoke but you see someone smoking then you might choose not to do so yourself, but if you believe that smoking makes people happy then you might pursue it even though your parents consider it unhealthy behavior (this is called cognitive dissonance).

Psychology of Actions: Our actions are also influenced by our beliefs, especially when those beliefs are unconscious ones we don’t know about because they aren’t conscious (that is why we can’t control our actions when drunk). These unconscious beliefs lead us into taking actions that change the world around us even though they don’

 

2.1 Transactional Analysis

 


Transactional Analysis (TA) is a field of psychology that studies how people use their cognitive abilities to understand and predict the intention of others.

Transactional Analysis is a psychological technique that can be used for therapy and other purposes. The theory behind Transactional Analysis focuses on the transactional relationship between a client and their therapist, where the therapist uses their knowledge of the client's behavior to help them make better decisions.

Transactional analysis has been used throughout history as an excellent alternative to psychoanalysis. Its main ideas are based on what is called “transactionally” in social science: “What one person does, another person ought to do as well.” (Dewey)

 

2.2 Cognitive Dissonance Theory

 

Psychology is a field that explores the various ways in which humans use their brains to solve problems. A large portion of our knowledge, particularly when it comes to human behavior, originates from studying our mental states. Although this is an intriguing subject, there are certain things that psychologists have discovered about how people think and behave, and these include two theories of cognitive dissonance.

Cognitive dissonance theory first was developed by psychologist Elliot Aronson in the 1940s, and it’s associated with the expression “cognitive dissonance”. According to this theory, individuals demonstrate cognitive dissonance when they feel uncomfortable or threatened by two conflicting ideas. For them to resolve this conflict cognitively, individuals must choose one idea over another.

DDT provides an example of this conflict: a woman may be dissatisfied with her husband's behavior and wants him to stop cheating on her with other women (DDT). However, she doesn't want him to stop cheating on her with other women (don't cheat). She only wants him to stop cheating on her with other women (don't cheat).

About DDT, individuals experience discordant tension between these two thoughts. As a result of these tensions, individuals feel uncomfortable or threatened by the thought that their spouse is cheating on them or doesn’t care as much about them as they thought they did earlier in the day.

Another example of cognitive dissonance theory involves a man who is unhappy with his job but ultimately doesn’t know how he can improve himself at his job (he feels he has no alternative career option) but also wants his friends and family to enjoy his new life at work because he has nothing else going for him (he feels he should be more popular among his friends/family). For him to resolve this cognitive dissonance, he has a conflicting need for both social acceptance and social approval from others (he wants both), so he feels conflicted when thinking about either one of these needs...

 

2.3 Self-Serving Bias

 


First, let’s discuss the idea of the development of diverse desires (dd).

There’s a myth that our brain has developed as a result of evolution, and we developed in response to our environment. But it turns out that every child has an innate understanding of the world, including their own bodies. This is called the “theory of mind,” which is what we call being able to understand the thoughts and beliefs of others.

Theory of mind is influenced by both personality and culture; it develops over time, not just because we learn from our parents or teachers. One study found that people who were raised in a family in which their primary caregiver was the mother were more likely to develop a theory of mind than those who were raised by fathers. In fact, there are more examples where women have been raised as mothers rather than fathers!

This brings us to the point: if mothers/fathers aren’t around often enough to instill strong parenting skills into children that will lead them on a life path with their own unique personality traits—if they don’t instill these skills at all—then how can children develop a theory of mind? There are many reasons for this: maybe their parents don’t love them enough; maybe they didn’t get enough time with their parents (or other caregivers); maybe they weren’t loved enough by their caregivers (or other adults). Or maybe they were raised in some sort of cult or organization where logic wasn't valued and truth wasn't believed in.

But also consider this: there are many cultures around the globe where maternal leave was nonexistent or nonexistent at all. If you think about it—and especially if you were born somewhere like Japan or Greece—how often do you see your mother cooking dinner? How often do you see your mother doing housework? How often do you see your mother washing dishes? And how often do you see your mother reading stories with you while having tea? When was the last time your father cooked dinner for you? Or washed dishes for you?

I think it's pretty safe to say that all human beings can appreciate delicious food, even if only occasionally. It may be something that makes us happy enough to enjoy ourselves when we're hungry, but it doesn't make us happy when we're starving — not always at least!

 

3. Application of Psychological Theories and Principles in Public Relations and Advertising

 

How does the prospect perceive the world?

The answer lies in a person’s basic theory of mind, which consists of three parts:

1. Basic Theory of Mind (ToM),

2. Theories of Mind (ToMs), and

3. Mental Models (ToMs).

The ToM is the most basic part of the mind and deals with what we do and what others may do. We want to make people believe us, we want to persuade them, but it is not our intention to deceive them or harm them. When we use persuasive techniques, we are trying to get them to change their beliefs or don’t like our product or service. The ToM can be used by both sides in a negotiation: they can either believe us or they won’t believe us, they can either like our product or not like it.

The ToMs are our beliefs about other people's minds and how they see the world around them. So when somebody makes a choice between two options, we might have two different belief systems: one that says you should choose A and one that says you should choose B. If you are asked for advice on what to do next in a situation where there are two different options, then your ToM would say you should choose A. Your ToM would be broken down into separate parts:

So if I am asked for advice on which pronoun (e.g., she/he) I should use when referring to an elderly person's name who has diabetes, my ToM would decide whether to use he/she or she/he. In this example, my ToM would be broken down into two parts:

If I am asked who I'm most friendly with, my ToM would decide whether my best friend, my sister-in-law, my brother-in-law, etc., is who I am most friendly with. In this example, my ToM would be broken down into separate parts:

When it comes to advertising, both online as well as offline, we often use these same theories to decide what type of advertisement will help sell products; whether it will sell more units or not; and how much money will be spent on advertising versus marketing activity for that same product based on various factors such as price per unit sold, sales volume per month etcetera. So if you have been told that your next car needs a new engine (

 

4. Conclusion

 

There are many ways in which we can build a theory of the mind, both when we are studying the minds of others or ourselves.

The first way is by studying our own mental states, which becomes possible through the use of self-report measures. The second way is to study others using questionnaires, or other indicators of mental states.

There are many possible techniques for this research including psychometric approaches such as factor analysis or latent class analyses.

It should be noted however that such approaches do not necessarily reflect the full extent to which people differ from one another in terms of their beliefs and desires. There is also no guarantee that a given measure will accurately reflect an individual’s internal mental state.

 

By: Waleed Wahag

The writer is a teacher at Ruzhn English Language Centre Bugh Meeri