Introduction

          It is apparent that in the world enormous counties are existed by their full potential, power, and strength to reign with their plans and rules to make the piece of land heaven to dwell by facilitating their populace every essential thing which are the fundamental rights of their residents to have, and with a great utmost the leader of a country is all the time in thinking to uplift its nation, tradition, culture, and language. No doubt, one of the most important elements of a country is its language, and truly language is an identity of a nation. By a specific language, a nation is recognized whether he is Baloch, Pashto, and Sindhi or belongs to another nation, and that is what every nation puts their best efforts to work on it for the development and wants to represent its language in every nook and cranny of the world in the best way. Not only this but also every day one can see new novelties are getting the place in the language for its betterment because definitely everyone loves their language wholeheartedly.

What is Language?

          In many ways, the word language has been defined, but the sweetest and best way is a language is a system of communication that consists of a set of sounds that are the basic elements of a language and source of comprehending the language of a particular nation so as to enable us to convey our messages to another person without any restriction. Besides this, in a language is found written symbols which are used by people of a particular country or region for talking or writing. On the other hand, it remains impossible for a nation to express their feelings without a language because this is the language which infuses in us so many qualities for conveying words to another person in an easy way, and it encourages us to boast up ourselves where it is needed. This is the language that we are known today in various places.

Origin of Balochi language

          Our beloved Balochi language is blessed with so many industrious and great writers through their brilliant views and researcher one comes to know that about Balochi language and its importance, and different historians give different points of view about the origin of language Balochi language that where the actual language began. One thing is clear that hundred percent surety one cannot give that from this particular place the language had been initiated. On the other hand, it is estimated that Balochi speakers are more than 20 million and most of them reside in Baluchistan, Iranian, Afghanistan, and other parts of Asia and Europe, but they love their language greatly. Even though they are ready to give any sort of sacrifices for their language without any hesitation because they know that the language is an identity for them at anywhere they go, they are recognized. However, they have got different dialects of Balochi language living in different areas with sheer assimilation of Balochi culture, tradition, strong devotion, and love for Balochi.

Dialects

          Everywhere a little bit change of dialect is found and their way of speaking in some extent is different from another region. In fact, the language is the same but the way they pronounce the words is a little bit different. Most importantly, it is said that there are mainly three dialects of Balochi language which are used and spoken as namely are Makurani, Rakhshani, and Koh e sulemani. They are the most essential dialects which are used. On the one hand, most of the Baloch linguists classify the language into three dialects, but on the other hand, further a great of Baloch linguists realized that Sayad Hashmi, one of the prominent Baloch linguists as we know that he worked and gave so many contributions to Balochi language. Therefore, he today is remembered by everyone, and we see the works him which are so beneficial for us to take advantage of them. Though he left the world but his words, uniqueness is present in the heart of people.

Classification of disagreement on dialects

          It is said that it is not only important to divide the dialects into merely three ways rather every speaker has their own way of dialect which can’t be neglected at all.  As the great Baloch linguist Sayad Hashmi wholly disagrees with the classification of dialects within the language. He believes that every community has got different dialects comparing whole Balochi speakers, and he maintains it is useless to complicate and limit the language by classifying it into some dialects. On the other hand, Balochi, one of the oldest languages, has got a vague history like other languages. The views, Baloch and west

          Scholars share regarding its origin, are yet controversial and unclear. However, we cannot wholly claim that the origin of the Balochi language is unclear rather there are some satisfying answers to it. Furthermore, it is uttered that some of them state, it got originated in Persian, and some relate its origin to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Anyhow, the language today we speak is a very rich language because they extremely worked hard on it, and it has been reshaped greatly and also many aspects of language are focused as well as we today have it in the best shape. In fact, one can seek out the perfect syntax, morphology, and semantics. Similarly, today every aspect is covered in the Balochi language that everyone can read and perceive things in a good way. Such as, it is full of vocabularies, idioms, and idiomatic phrases, lullabies, folk stories, folk songs, and folk literature.  On the other hand, the Balochi language is blessed other so many things such as it are also full of writers, poets, researchers, and linguists, before the 19th century, Balochi was an unwritten language. It is to say that the reason was that there were not any literary people and linguists in the Baloch community till mid - 19th century. With the passage of time, there have been a lot of literary works in the Balochi language that day forwards. As Sayad believes that the mid- 19th period and twentieth century were renaissances of the Balochi language. It was the time that the Balochi language was burgeoning and developing in such a brilliant and reaching its high peak.

Disregarded Balochi language

          Sadly, it is saddened that Balochi has never had any value and it has never had been the official language of any community to date like other neighboring languages of its. As we can see most of the languages have great importance and became official in many communities as well as being with a respected eye and regard them respectfully. On the other hand, the reason is, Baloch has never had any long-lasting rule over a country. When seeing the history of Baloch. Truly, we will find that they were always there to fight for others as mercenaries, except korosh reign in Iran. Moreover, the Balochi language has always been oppressed, it has never been provided any chance to develop all the time it has been entirely neglected and had no value and importance at all. However, it is alive a language, and in fine shape.

          Once they were British linguists and historians who had introduced Balochi in written form in Roman script, this was the introduction of Balochi writing. But when Baloch poets and scholars started writing, they refused Roman script; and introduced ‘’ NASTAALIQ, (Persian script) but very less Baloch linguists and scholars favored that and finally ‘’Naskh, (Arabic script, was introduced which most Baloch scholars, intellectuals, and journalists favored. After this whole introduction ‘’Naskh,, Baloch scholars and linguists such as Muhammad Hussain Hanqa, Gul Khan Naseer, Khair Mohammad Nadwee, Siddique Azat, Malik Mohammad,  Azat Jamaldini, Sayad Hashmi, Abdullah Jamaldini, a lot of more began working on Balochi grammar, and today one can see that new Balochi grammars are present and it is making their task easy to do. As well as they worked hard on Balochi orthography and other linguistic issues. Finally, because of the great effort of Sayad, he could compile a lot of research-oriented books regarding the history, grammar, and orthography of the Balochi language. Despite being arranged, its orthography is not satisfactory to lots of Baloch linguists. And with regard to its orthography and standardization, they often have conferences talking out the major linguistic issues.

    After a great observation, it has been said that most of us Balochi speakers are satisfied with the standardization and orthography of our language, and also we cannot skin from it because these are the things which we need to follow. Today also there are some linguists who truly are giving their utmost for the development of it so that it day by day it must go towards betterment.

 

Research on the origin of Balochi Language

          With the passage of time, one more research came on the surface and put betterment for the readers to understand thoroughly about the origin of language. As we talked earlier different views were focused on it. However, every Baloch linguist had their own option about the origin of language.  On the other hand, regarding the origin of Balochi, there have been lots of discussion and research by English and Baloch linguist. By having their words and having a better understanding of the origin of language, most of them are in believe that Balochi is an Aryan language. On the contrary, there are some Baloch linguists as Gull Khan Naseer and some others who believe Balochi got originated in Persian, this has been criticized by most Baloch linguists such as beg Mohammad Begul, Mahammad Hussain Hanqa, Azat Jamaldini, Sayad Hashmi, and some more linguists that it is to downgrade the value of Baloch or to consider Persian more important than Balochi.

      After all, the authentic research on Balochi language, done by Taj Mohammad Bresseg, Jan Mohammad Dashti, Saba Dashtiary, Azat Jamaldini, Inayatullah Baloch, Shah Mahammad Mari, Abdul Samad Ameeri, and some English linguists such as Elfenbeits, Gregerson, and seling’s Harrison, put it forward that Balochi is Aryan language and originated from a lost language named Median language and it is about Parthian language age. It is classified as a branch of the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family and is believed to have influenced and flourished in the Caspian Sea and adjacent areas, but on the other hand, most linguists are in the belief that it flourished in Iran before some three thousand years.

          In fact, it was the process which was going on and through different writers, the classification of origin of Balochi language was getting classified as all writers had their own perception regarding it Furthermore, Sayad Hashmi shares a long history regarding its Hazrat Zorthisht, who came from central Asia to Iran in order to preach his teachings,  which was later recognized as Zoroastrianism, to the people of Iran and the Holy book of Zoroastrianism was written by Hazrat Zorthisht named ‘’Avesta’ in Avestan language. Surprisingly, the Avestan language did not have any orthography, therefore, it got lost. In other words, it took the shape of Balochi and Parthian languages.

        Furthermore, before migration to Iran, Baloch were inhabitants of Caspian areas. They loved to settle in the mountains for they didn’t like residing in cities. By residing in mountains, they were brave. Due to their bravery, they were taken as soldiers by Iranian kings. When they, a majority of them, migrated from the Caspian region, settled in mountain areas of seitan.

          After their settlement in Iran, most of the Baloch were taken as soldiers, who always fought bravely against the enemies of their kings. Owning to their bravery, they were given higher ranks in the army, and in the army, almost everything was in charge of theirs. A time came Baloch soldiers decided to rebel against their kings. Within a very short time, they washed away the rule of their kings. They, headed by Korosh a Baloch army general, started their rule, named ‘’Hakhamanshee, during 500, BC, Sayad maintains that the writers of him rulers which were curved in stones, discovered by archeologists in recent centuries in Iran, have very deep links with Balochi. He believes that Hakhamanshee rulers were Baloch as mentioned before, and their writings, carved in stones, are in Balochi. In opposite to this, there are some writers who believe those writings are in Persian or Parthian, but Sayad totally disagreed with them and says the writings, written by Hakhamanshee rulers, better match with Balochi than Persian or Parthian.

          Moreover, it is true that there has been a big fight on the subject of considering Brahui speaking Baloch, and even some Baloch scholars such as Mohammad Sardar Gishkori and some more believe that they are not Baloch. Jan Mohammad Dashti makes it clear that the Baloch and Brahui are not two separate peoples. The only difference is the mere language. It can be said that Brahui philology may be composed of median dialects or greatly influenced by some Dravidian tongues. He believes that anyone can adopt any language. The Baloch in Punjab speak Saraiki as Amba, an Uganda tribe, speak two languages, but are one people. The Pakhtoon who speak a lot of different languages from each other is one people. All Jews too do not speak the same language. Hebrew, The Baloch might have learned the Brahui language from some of the tribes who were once occupying these regions.

    On the other hand, it is too convincingly, there is no room left to doubt whether Brahui speakers are Balochi or not it does not matter. Wrapping the discussing up, it has become an article of faith that Balochi has originated in Iranian group of the Indo-European language family before some three thousand years and is older than Persian and other neighboring languages.

          Furthermore, it is said that the Indo-European language family has originated from the Aryan language, one of the basic languages of ancient people. Lastly, it would be a step in the right direction if we pledge to struggle to fulfill all the essential requirements of our language and work harder to enrich it with more literary works and writings since Balochi is the future of Baloch and it enlightens in every nook and cranny of the world as well it will get famous throughout the world and it will reach its high standard. 

Discoveries of Balochi dialects

          However, it is important to realize that Balochi is a very conservative language, and its dialects, in spite of the vastness of the areas in which they are spoken, are quite remarkably similar, with the exception of Eastern Hill Balochi, speakers from all areas readily understand one another, proceeding roughly from the north the dialects are.

          Rakhshani, extending from the Marvi in Soviet Turkmenistan southward in Persian and Afghanistan through Sistan to ca 28 north latitude, southward of and as far to the west of these areas as Balochi is spoken. There are subdialects Kalati, in Pakistan from lasbela northward throughout Jahawan and sarawn where the main language is Balochi. Up to just south of Quetta where it meets Pashto, Panjgure, in Pakistan Makran including most of the Karan from Kolwa in the east to Kech in the west, its southern boundary is just north of the Kech valley, whence it spreads approximately to the Raksan river in the north, sarhaddi over by far the largest areas, including Pakistani chagai from Nuski from the east, westward along the Persian frontier as far as Balochi is spoken.

    On the hand other, it is to know that Kechi, spoken principally in the kech valley of Pakistani Makran, south of the central Makran range, it extends from Hirok westward to TUMP, Including the village of Mand, but including the villages to the north of the river.

          However, Eastern Hill Balochi, spoken almost entirely in the hilly tribal area of the east of Quetta mainly members of the Mart and Bugatti tribes, extending from somewhat north of Jacobabad in the upper sind frontier northward to Dera Ghazi khan and from Sibi in the west nearly to the Indus River in the east. The area is almost entirely Balochi speaking, although, other languages coexist with it. Frontiers of Balochi are probing northward, mainly at the expense of Pashto, and at present, the area between Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan is dominated by Balochi. This dialect has played a dominant role in the early published description of the language, due to its location in former British India, Pakistani was the in Kalat state a role disproportionate to its real importance.

    Similarly, the oldest British written Balochi is represented by a manuscript in the British Museum, dating from early in the 19th century. There was little literary cultivation in the language during the rest of the century, it was not until 193o that a few individuals. Led Mahammad Hosayn ‘’ Anqa began to write for the public in Balochi, producing a short-lived weekly paper Boran. The impetus to write for publication in the language continued, however, and Quetta in 1959 for the purpose of encouraging publication of Balochi literature.

          Besides this, the script commonly used where the Pashto script is employed to write Balochi is a modified Urdu script, with the retroflex consonants marked by a superscript and nasalized final vowels indicated by nun without the dialectic points following the vowel, indicated by the dialectic point following the vowel, when the written to do so. There is less agreement in writing the morphemes of the language, the ending is sometimes written in a phonetic style, using Hamza to separate them from the nominal or verbal stem, sometimes the endings are joined to the stem without hanza, often both systems are used together. Some convention from Arabic used to be employed, such as tanwin which was used in very early writing to indicate the ending en Tasdid is used very occasionally, but vowels and diphthongs are very haphazardly indicated, short usually not at all, but long as I and usually in perso-urdu style with no distinction made between internal e and I or e and I are distinguished as in Urdu. However, according to the whim of the writer, a printed text is difficult to read accurately.

          On the other hand, it is to say that phonology Balochi has a particularly simple phonetic structure vowel a I u a I u e o diphthong ay aw, consonants w y I m n stops p t k b d g t d affricate c j, sibilants s z s, continuants, and spirants f x y are common in loanword in all dialects but tend rapidly top kg respectively as the words become naturalized. Eastern hill Balochi uniquely keeps them and in addition has also developed and from postvocalic t and d and intervocalic b tend to become v.

Additionally, further a great glance has thrown out that the Persian source has been until quite recently the eastern, Afghani variety and many wards such as zat quickly which seem Balochi because of the final voiceless stop. Many Balochi words are Persian loanwords now lost to the original language, under down.

However, another rich source for borrowing has been the Indian language and to a lesser extent the language of the BRAHUI, with whom the Baloch have been for centuries in contact. The Indian language concerned are in the main sandhi and lahnda and latterly Urdu.

On the other hand, the past tenses of transitive verbs are construed passively in all dialects except in some Raksani dialects, where the Persian active construction is more common. Example coastal man gun zurtant o sutan I took the sacks and went yesterday my brother said wait here, we shall come active construction. To be certain one has to say the lorry brought the driver that is the drier whom the lorry brought.

 

Literary and formal style

          One of the earliest literary publications, Arabic words are written in their Arabic spelling in the original publication, the usual practice. The above extract indicates actual pronunciation, according to the thought of all sections of the better and forward-looking scholar of literature, literature has to be a mirror of life, all of life sort and size must each individually, clear and clear, be seen in the mirror, if life is confused and wicked,  literature must show that it so, it must not draw a veil over the fact at some observers of it =, life comes wicked to the sight whatever the feature of the life may appear there is to be no flinching from it, not even by a hairbreadth. If life is really a great pool of blood, pus, and filth and the writer is a composer of pleasing melodic verses, a given of sweet twist and turns to words, he tells a huge lie and says no it is a greensward and a broad mountain pasture, then he is so mistaken that life itself will never forgive him. This sort of writer will sooner or later fall into a deep blind well and will be lost and forgotten that nobody will ever give news of him again.

          On the other hand, most accounts describe this part of Makran as very uncongenial to the Baloch, barren and waterless as it is, and it is not until they reach the more eastern portion near Kalat that they begin to settle, perhaps meeting their earlier settlers from a previous wave. However, it is said that it is at this point that the principle cycles of classical Balochi heroic balladry begin. This first and most important of them can be conveniently called the cakar cycle, which comprises the numerous ballads concerning Mir chakar, the leading hero of Balochi legend altogether. Most of these ballad is concerned with a long and destructive thirty years’ war between the Rind and the lasari and comprises some very fine epic poetry, while it is true that the events described in these ballads are not to be found in other sources for history of the region, poor as they are, still, it is possible from internal evidence to estimate the dates to lie between the years 1475-1525 with some degree of likelihood.

Conclusion

          It is to say Balochi is the mere language that definitely contains whole words and its culture, fashion, tradition, and dialects are highly praised in every part of the world. However, it only needs some strong attention to cover those aspects which will become the source of development. Not only this but also, the basic thing we need to is that a very a great crucial needs to be given, definitely it helps it for the flourishment. After all, one very important thing is unity, because for the improvement of it we need to be united and work for hand in hand and should to should then it can reach such a level that everyone starts appreciating it. Most importantly that time when Balochi language will become of the superior language and start reigning the world by its unique qualities, and for reach that phase we need to tightly hold diligence, persistence, and belief in Allah and then one day comes that no one can stop it flourishment and it will the language of superior.

 

 By: Shahmis Imam 

The writer is a post-graduate student from the University of Turbat and an ambitious teacher at Zanth Academy Jusak 

Turbat Kech, Balochistan