Introduction of Computer
Computer
A
computer is an electronic device that takes raw data and processes it then gives
information.
Types
of Computer
Micro
Computer
Serves
Game
console
Mainframe
Supercomputer
Microcomputer: A microcomputer is a personal computer (PC) and is used by one person.
Supercomputer:
The supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful, and the most expensive
computer. These systems can process large amounts of data and a fast
supercomputer can process more than 135 billion commands in a single second.
Computer
Mainframe: The mainframe is used in large organizations such as
companies and banks where most people usually need to use the same data. The mainframe can manage hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously and large
frames monitor more than 83 percent of global activity.
Servers: The server is
dynamic and based on personal computers. Individual users have their own
desktop computers, connected to one or more central computers, called network
servers.
GAME
CONSOLES
A game console is an
electronic device designed for single-player or multi-player video games.
Standard game consoles use a handheld controller, TV screen and hard disks, or
memory cards for storage. Parts of Computer
·
Hardware:
Hardware is mechanical devices that make up the computer are called hardware. Hardware
is any part of a computer you can touch.
Input device
Output device
Processing device
Storage device
Internet / Network
Processing device: (Processing
device transform raw data into useful information)
Output
device: (Output devices present processed data to the user or
another computer)
Input
device: (Input device is accepting instructions and data from
the user or another computer)
Storage
device: (Storage device is stored data and programs)
(1) Software: Series of instruction
which tells the computer what to do and how to do.
System
software
Application
software
System
Software: Software that is used to control the usage and
allocation of different hardware components
and enable the other application program to execute.
Operating
system
Utility
System
Drives
Operating system: It coordinates all
the activities among the computer hardware devices.
Utility system: This allows a user to
perform maintenance types of tasks usually related to managing a computer device.
Driver:
Small program that tells an operating system how to communicate with a specific
device.
Application:
Application Software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user
requires.
Package
software
Custom
Software
Web
Software
Package
Software: Packaged software is produced a very large amount,
copyrighted retail software such as MS Word, Excel Word, Adobe Photoshop,
Powerpoint, and Typing master.
Custom
Software: Custom
software is bespoke software. It is only a specific organization, business or
user.
Web-based Software: Web-based is that software to connect to the web and provide their services. WhatsApp, Facebook
·
RAM
·
ROM
Random
Access Memory
RAM is a volatile memory when the
computer is shut off, all the open data from the computer will be lose.RAM helps in
speeding up the system performance. The higher the amount of RAM, the faster is the
speed of the computer
Read-Only Memory
ROM is permanently stored its data, even
when the computer is shut off. ROM is called nonvolatile memory because it
never loses its contents.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU
is called the brain of the computer, where most calculations take place. It
is also called a Processor. It controls the activities of all other components
of the computer system and performs all the arithmetic and logical operations to be
applied to the data.
2 Basic
Parts of CPU
- Arithmetic
and Logical Unit(ALU)
- Control
Unit(CU)
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
It is the place where the actual
issuance of orders occurs during processing. All calculations were performed
and all comparisons were made with ALU. Arithmetic functions include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical activities compare numbers,
letters and special characters. The Arithmetic logic unit performs logical
functions such as ONCE, OR and NOT.
Control Unit
Contains an electronic circuit that uses
electronic signals to direct the entire computer system to perform, or execute stored system instructions. It communicates with all other devices and manages
and connects the entire computer system. Receives instructions from a system
cache (RAM), translates instructions, and generates signals that cause other
system units to use.
There
are 3 categories of Input Devices:
·
Keyboards
·
Pointing
devices
·
Data-Entry
devices.
Keyboard
The keyboard is the most popular input device for a
computer. It translates numbers, letters, symbols, and control keys into signals
that can be interpreted by the PC. Most English keyboards today are based on
the qwerty design
QWERTY is the most common modern-day keyboard layout
on English-language computers and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from
the first six letters seen in the keyboard's top first row of letters.
Parts of a Keyboard
— Alphanumeric Keys
— Modifier Keys
— Numeric Keypad
— Function Keys
— Cursor-movement
Keys
— Escape Key
— Special-purpose
Keys
— Arrow Keys
Monitor
The output device
which displays the information to the user on a screen is called a monitor. It is
also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU). It displays text, graphics, and video as
soft copies i.e. copies you can see only on-screen.
Factors to be
considered in a monitor
·
Resolution
·
Size
·
Refresh Rate
Size
Screen diagonal size screen (15, 17, 19, 21). With the
screen size increase, the work area increases, and additional adjustment options
are available.
Solution
Adjustment
affects the sharpness or sharpness of the image and controls the number of
pixels displayed on the screen. When the resolution is high, the image is clear
and concise. Typical resolutions are 800X600 pixels and 1024x768.
Renewal
Rate
Refresh
rate is the number of times per second electron beam scans the monitor and
charges the brightness of each pixel. It means how many times the screen will
be redone with an electron beam. 60Hz- 75Hz standard refresh rate. 60Hz means
that the screen is updated 60 times per second. The faster the rate of
refinement, the screen will blink a little, the image will be clearer, and the
eye pressure will drop.
LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display)
LCD monitor, also called
a flat panel monitor, is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display
to produce images. LCD monitors are available in a variety of sizes, with the
more common being 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 inches — some are 30 or 40
inches. It does not look in another corner.
CRT
Monitors
A CRT monitor
is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube. It usually costs less
than an LCD monitor but also generates more heat and uses more power than an
LCD monitor.
TYPES OF IMPACT
·
Non-impact
·
Impact
Non-Impact
Printer: A printer that prints without banging a ribbon on the paper such
as laser printer, inkjet printer, etc.
Impact
Printer: Impact printer that works by needle against the ink ribbon to make
a mark on the paper. Such as Dot-matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer, and line
printer
3 common types of printers are
·
Dot Matrix
·
Inkjet
·
Laserjet
Dot Matrix
Printer
A dot matrix printer is an impact printer that is given in characters per
second cps. The speed of dot matrix can vary from 50 to over 500 cps.
Inkjet
Inkjet printer is a nonimpact printer that works by spotting small drops of ink on the paper. It has good quality and low price, inkjet printers are the most popular printers for color form and single color form.
Laser Printers
A
laser printer is a high-speed, high-quality, and nonimpact printer. It is more
expensive than inkjet printers and
it is mostly used in organizations.
Mouse
The mouse is a type of input device that uses a pointing,
or insertion point instead of characters from a keyboard. With the more use of
graphical user interfaces, the mouse has become the most commonly used method in
controlling a computer. A mouse is used to manipulate objects and text etc. on
the computer screen.
The two common types of mice used are Ball Mouse and
Optical Mouse. Normally there are two buttons on every mouse: Left Click and Right Click. However, now mouse commonly have a 3rd
button as well which is the Scroll Wheel.
Benefits
of Mouse
§ Pointer
positioning is fast
§ Menu interaction
is easy
§ Users can draw
electronically
Scanner
A scanner is a device that uses light to read an image
or text and turn it into a digital message. It allows a user to take an image
or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or
display the scanned object. This media can then be used to store, change and
send the image or text. There are various types of scanners. The three most
common are Drum, flatbed, and hand
Microphone
Microphone, or Mic, allows computer users to input
audio into their computers. It is used for the input of audio into the system.
Speakers and
Headphones
Most
computers include inexpensive speakers as an output device for sound. These
speakers are sufficient to play the standard audio clips and usually unable to
participate in teleconferencing
RAM:
Random Access Memory
ROM:
Read Only Memory
MU:
Memory Unit
CU:
Control Unit
ALU:
Arithmetic Logic Unit
CRT:
Cathode Ray Tube
LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display
ELD:
Electro-Luminescent Display
CMYK:
Cyan Magenta Yellow Black
CPU:
Central Processing Unit
FDD:
Floppy Disk Drivers
HDD:
Hard Disk Display
CD:
Compact Disk
CD.R:
Compact Disk/ Recordable
CD.RW:
CD Read/ Write
DVD:
Digital Video (Versatile) Disk
DVD.R:
DVD Recordable
DVD.RW
BIOS:
Basic Input Output System
CLI:
Command Line Interface
GUI:
Graphical User Interface
OS:
Operating System
- Excel: Excel is
called a Paid sheet. Especially software.
- Word: known process
software
- Powerpoint: is
known presentation software.
- Title bar: name book
- Culm, Culm: is
overall a sheet.
- Multiple sheets will
be together; it is called the book.
- The single sheet is a Culm
- Up the line is
called Rabin
- Home, insert, page layout
these all are tab.
- It is being A B C D
E F it called Culm A B C ETC
- It is being 1, 2, 3,
it called row.
- Multiple rows or
Multiple calm will be together it is creating cells.
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